For Your Beauty!: February 2023

Tuesday, February 28, 2023

Information load Designers of online shops

Information load

Designers of online shops are concerned with the effects of information load. Information load is a product of the spatial and temporal arrangements of stimuli in the web store.^[42] Compared with conventional retail shopping, the information environment of virtual shopping is enhanced by providing additional product information such as comparative products and services, as well as various alternatives and attributes of each alternative, etc.^[43] Two major dimensions of information load are complexity and novelty.^[44] Complexity refers to the number of different elements or features of a site, often the result of increased information diversity. Novelty involves the unexpected, suppressed, new, or unfamiliar aspects of the site. The novelty dimension may keep consumers exploring a shopping site, whereas the complexity dimension may induce impulse purchases.^[43]

Consumer needs and expectations

Internet consumers are self-conscious and emphasize personalized consumption, which makes the demand for online consumption different. Online consumers have different needs depending on their time and environment. Even different online consumers have different needs at the same level of demand due to the difference in income level and other factors. Compared with the centralized nature of traditional markets, online consumption is more decentralized. In the online consumer market, consumers have a short decision time, a large variability of consumer demand, a large number of purchases, but a relatively small amount of each purchase, a considerable mobility of purchases, a strong substitutability of goods, and a large elasticity of demand.^[45] According to the output of a research report by Western Michigan University published in 2005, an e-commerce website does not have to be good looking with listing on a lot of search engines. It must build relationships with customers to make money. The report also suggests that a website must leave a positive impression on the customers, giving them a reason to come back.^[46] However, resent research^[47] has proven that sites with higher focus on efficiency, convenience, and personalised services increased the customers motivation to make purchases.

Dyn, an Internet performance management company conducted a survey on more than 1400 consumers across 11 countries in North America, Europe, Middle-East and Asia and the results of the survey are as follows:

Online retailers must improve the website speed
Online retailers must ease consumers fear around security

These concerns majorly affect the decisions of almost two thirds of the consumers.^[48]

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Shopping cart systems

Simple shopping cart systems allow the off-line administration of products and categories. The shop is then generated as HTML files and graphics that can be uploaded to a webspace. The systems do not use an online database.^[36] A high-end solution can be bought or rented as a stand-alone program or as an addition to an enterprise resource planning program. It is usually installed on the company's web server and may integrate into the existing supply chain so that ordering, payment, delivery, accounting and warehousing can be automated to a large extent. Other solutions allow the user to register and create an online shop on a portal that hosts multiple shops simultaneously from one back office. Examples are BigCommerce, Shopify and FlickRocket. Open source shopping cart packages include advanced platforms such as Interchange, and off-the-shelf solutions such as Magento, osCommerce, WooCommerce, PrestaShop, and Zen Cart. Commercial systems can also be tailored so the shop does not have to be created from scratch. By using an existing framework, software modules for various functionalities required by a web shop can be adapted and combined.^[37]

Design

Customers are attracted to online shopping not only because of high levels of convenience, but also because of broader selections, competitive pricing, and greater access to information.^[38]^[39] Business organizations seek to offer online shopping not only because it is of much lower cost compared to bricks and mortar stores, but also because it offers access to a worldwide market, increases customer value, and builds sustainable capabilities.^[40]^[41]

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Higher voltage outlets in garages of newly built homes

Hydrogen trains[edit]

Particularly in Europe, fuel-cell electric trains are gaining in popularity to replace diesel-electric units. In Germany, several Länder have ordered Alstom Coradia iLINT trainsets, in service since 2018,^[146] with France also planning to order trainsets.^[147] The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Canada^[146] and Mexico^[148] are equally interested. In France, the SNCF plans to replace all its remaining diesel-electric trains with hydrogen trains by 2035.^[149] In the United Kingdom, Alstom announced in 2018 their plan to retrofit British Rail Class 321 trainsets with fuel cells.^[150]

Higher voltage outlets in garages of newly built homes[edit]

NEMA 14-50 240v 50 amps

NEMA 14-50

In New Mexico the government is looking to pass legislation mandating electrical receptacles that are higher voltage to be installed in garages of newly built homes.^[151] The NEMA 14-50 outlets provide 240 volts and 50 Amps for a total of 12.5 Kilowatts for level 2 charging of electric vehicles.^[152]^[153] It is expected to only add a few hundred dollars to the building cost of the home. Level 2 charging can add up to 30 miles of range per hour of charging compared to up to 4 miles of range per hour for level 1 charging from 120 volt outlets.

Infrastructure management[edit]

With the increase in number of electric vehicles, it is necessary to create an appropriate number of charging stations to supply the increasing demand,^[154] and a proper management system that coordinates the charging turn of each vehicle to avoid having some charging stations overloaded with vehicles and others empty.^[155]

Stabilization of the grid

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Electric trucks

Electric trucks[edit]

Smith Edison, based on the Ford Transit

Electric Renault Midlum used by Nestlé in 2015

An electric truck is an electric vehicle powered by batteries designed to transport cargo, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work.

Electric trucks have serviced niche applications like milk floats, pushback tugs and forklifts for over a hundred years, typically using lead-acid batteries, but the rapid development of lighter and more energy-dense battery chemistries in the twenty-first century has broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles.

Electric trucks reduce noise and pollution, relative to internal-combustion trucks. Due to the high efficiency and low component-counts of electric power trains, no fuel burning while idle, and silent and efficient acceleration, the costs of owning and operating electric trucks are dramatically lower than their predecessors.^[138]^[139] According to the United States Department of Energy, the average cost per kWh capacity of battery packs for trucks fell from $500 in 2013 to $200 in 2019, and still further to $137 in 2020, with some vehicles under $100 for the first time.^[140]^[141]

Long-distance freight has been the trucking segment least amenable to electrification, since the increased weight of batteries, relative to fuel, detracts from payload capacity, and the alternative, more frequent recharging, detracts from delivery time. By contrast, short-haul urban delivery has been electrified rapidly, since the clean and quiet nature of electric trucks fit well with urban planning and municipal regulation, and the capacities of reasonably-sized batteries are well-suited to daily stop-and-go traffic within a metropolitan area.^[142]^[143]^[144]

In South Korea, electric trucks hold a noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in the country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles.^[145]

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Adult overweight and obesity

Malnutrition in industrialized nations is primarily due to excess calories and non-nutritious carbohydrates, which has contributed to the obesity epidemic affecting both developed and some developing nations.^[102] In 2008, 35% of adults above the age of 20 years were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²), a prevalence that has doubled worldwide between 1980 and 2008.^[103] Also 10% of men and 14% of women were obese, with a BMI greater than 30.^[104] Rates of overweight and obesity vary across the globe, with the highest prevalence in the Americas, followed by European nations, where over 50% of the population is overweight or obese.^[104]

Obesity is more prevalent amongst high income and higher middle income groups than lower divisions of income.^[104] Women are more likely than men to be obese, where the rate of obesity in women doubled from 8% to 14% between 1980 and 2008.^[104] Being overweight as a child has become an increasingly important indicator for later development of obesity and non-infectious diseases such as heart disease.^[95] In several western European nations, the prevalence of overweight and obese children rose by 10% from 1980 to 1990, a rate that has begun to accelerate recently.^[2]

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Data on global and regional food supply

Data on global and regional food supply shows that consumption rose from 2011 to 2012 in all regions. Diets became more diverse, with a decrease in consumption of cereals and roots and an increase in fruits, vegetables, and meat products.^[99] However, this increase masks the discrepancies between nations, where Africa, in particular, saw a decrease in food consumption over the same years.^[99] This information is derived from food balance sheets that reflect national food supplies, however, this does not necessarily reflect the distribution of micro and macronutrients.^[99] Often inequality in food access leaves distribution which uneven, resulting in undernourishment for some and obesity for others.^[99]

Undernourishment, or hunger, according to the FAO, is dietary intake below the minimum daily energy requirement.^[53] The amount of undernourishment is calculated utilizing the average amount of food available for consumption, the size of the population, the relative disparities in access to the food, and the minimum calories required for each individual.^[53] According to FAO, 868 million people (12% of the global population) were undernourished in 2012.^[53] This has decreased across the world since 1990, in all regions except for Africa, where undernourishment has steadily increased.^[53] However, the rates of decrease are not sufficient to meet the first Millennium Development Goal of halving hunger between 1990 and 2015.^[53] The global financial, economic, and food price crisis in 2008 drove many people to hunger, especially women and children. The spike in food prices prevented many people from escaping poverty, because the poor spend a larger proportion of their income on food and farmers are net consumers of food.^[100] High food prices cause consumers to have less purchasing power and to substitute more-nutritious foods with low-cost alternatives.^[10

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Monday, February 27, 2023

Product delivery

Foodora's home delivery by bicycle in Tampere, Finland

Once a payment has been accepted, the goods or services can be delivered in the following ways. For physical items:

Package delivery: The product is shipped to a customer-designated address. Retail package delivery is typically done by the public postal system or a retail courier such as FedEx, UPS, DHL, or TNT.
Drop shipping: The order is passed to the manufacturer or third-party distributor, who then ships the item directly to the consumer, bypassing the retailer's physical location to save time, money, and space.
In-store pick-up: The customer selects a local store using a locator software and picks up the delivered product at the selected location. This is the method often used in the bricks and clicks business model.

For digital items or tickets:

Downloading/Digital distribution:^[35] The method often used for digital media products such as software, music, movies, or images.
Printing out, provision of a code for, or e-mailing of such items as admission tickets and scrip (e.g., gift certificates and coupons). The tickets, codes, or coupons may be redeemed at the appropriate physical or online premises and their content reviewed to verify their eligibility (e.g., assurances that the right of admission or use is redeemed at the correct time and place, for the correct dollar amount, and for the correct number of uses).
Will call, COBO (in Care Of Box Office), or "at the door" pickup: The patron picks up pre-purchased tickets for an event, such as a play, sporting event, or concert, either just before the event or in advance. With the onset of the Internet and e-commerce sites, which allow customers to buy tickets online, the popularity of this service has increased.

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Improved batteries

Improved batteries[edit]

Advances in lithium-ion batteries, driven at first by the personal-use electronics industry, allow full-sized, highway-capable EVs to travel nearly as far on a single charge as conventional cars go on a single tank of gasoline. Lithium batteries have been made safe, can be recharged in minutes instead of hours (see recharging time), and now last longer than the typical vehicle (see lifespan). The production cost of these lighter, higher-capacity lithium-ion batteries is gradually decreasing as the technology matures and production volumes increase.^[133]^[134]

Many companies and researchers are also working on newer battery technologies, including solid state batteries^[135] and alternate technologies.^[136]

Battery management and intermediate storage[edit]

Another improvement is to decouple the electric motor from the battery through electronic control, using supercapacitors to buffer large but short power demands and regenerative braking energy.^[137] The development of new cell types combined with intelligent cell management improved both weak points mentioned above. The cell management involves not only monitoring the health of the cells but also a redundant cell configuration (one more cell than needed). With sophisticated switched wiring, it is possible to condition one cell while the rest are on duty.^{[citation needed]}

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Dieta

Dieta refere-se aos hábitos alimentares individuais. Cada pessoa tem uma dieta específica (saudável ou não). Cada cultura costuma caracterizar-se por dietas particulares. Contudo, em termos gerais, o uso popular desta palavra costuma apenas definir dieta como uma forma de conter o peso e manter sua saúde em boa condição. Para seguir uma dieta, convém consultar um médico ou nutricionista, a fim de conhecer a dieta adequada ao seu organismo. A escolha de alimentos certos na proporção correta, bem como a prática de exercício físico com orientação de um especialista, evitando uma vida sedentária, são considerados fatores essenciais para a manutenção da saúde. Uma "dieta" restritiva e que não tenha em conta as necessidades do organismo poderá ter efeitos desastrosos. Por isso, uma adequada avaliação nutricional individual evita desequilíbrios na dieta que podem levar a problemas de saúde, tais como deficiências nutricionais específicas ou calórico-protéicas e o excesso de peso ou obesidade. Também, ter uma vida saudável não é fazer apenas dieta, é não ter uma vida sedentária. Diversas dietas tornaram-se populares nas últimas décadas, algumas passageiras, outras polêmicas e outras com maior comprovação científica. Exemplo de dietas:

Dieta de Atkins. Restrição radical ao consumo de carboidratos, ou seja massas, doces, açúcares, e até mesmo frutas e verduras.
Dieta de South Beach. Restrição total de carboidratos em seu início, evoluindo com restrição parcial, permitindo carboidratos ricos em fibras.
Dieta do Super Café da Manhã. Dieta com restrição de carboidratos com ênfase calórica na primeira refeição do dia.
Dieta Dash. Dieta desenvolvida para combater a hipertensão arterial por especialistas americanos.

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Undernutrition

UNICEF defines undernutrition "as the outcome of insufficient food intake (hunger) and repeated infectious diseases. Under nutrition includes being underweight for one's age, too short for one's age (stunted), dangerously thin (wasted), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrient).^[2] Under nutrition causes 53% of deaths of children under five across the world.^[2] It has been estimated that undernutrition is the underlying cause for 35% of child deaths.^[97] The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group estimate that under nutrition, "including fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc along with suboptimum breastfeeding—is a cause of 3.1 million child deaths and infant mortality, or 45% of all child deaths in 2011".^[95]

When humans are undernourished, they no longer maintain normal bodily functions, such as growth, resistance to infection, or have satisfactory performance in school or work.^[2] Major causes of under nutrition in young children include lack of proper breast feeding for infants and illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and HIV/AIDS.^[2] According to UNICEF 146 million children across the globe, that one out of four under the age of five, are underweight.^[2] The number of underweight children has decreased since 1990, from 33 percent to 28 percent between 1990 and 2004.^[2] Underweight and stunted children are more susceptible to infection, more likely to fall behind in school, more likely to become overweight and develop non-infectious diseases, and ultimately earn less than their non-stunted coworkers.^[98] Therefore, undernutrition can accumulate deficiencies in health which results in less productive individuals and societies^[2]

Many children are born with the inherent disadvantage of low birth weight, often caused by intrauterine growth restriction and poor maternal nutrition, which results in worse growth, development, and health throughout the course of their lifetime.^[90] Children born at low birthweight (less than 5.5 pounds or 2.5 kg), are less likely to be healthy and are more susceptible to disease and early death.^[2] Those born at low birthweight also are likely to have a depressed immune system, which can increase their chances of heart disease and diabetes later on in life.^[2] Because 96% of low birthweight occurs in the developing world, low birthweight is associated with being born to a mother in poverty with poor nutritional status that has had to perform demanding labor.^[2]

Stunting and other forms of undernutrition reduces a child's chance of survival and hinders their optimal growth and health.^[98] Stunting has demonstrated association with poor brain development, which reduces cognitive ability, academic performance, and eventually earning potential.^[98] Important determinants of stunting include the quality and frequency of infant and child feeding, infectious disease susceptibility, and the mother's nutrition and health status.^[98] Undernourished mothers are more likely to birth stunted children, perpetuating a cycle of undernutrition and poverty.^[98] Stunted children are more likely to develop obesity and chronic diseases upon reaching adulthood.^[98] Therefore, malnutrition resulting in stunting can further worsen the obesity epidemic, especially in low and middle income countries.^[98] This creates even new economic and social challenges for vulnerable impoverished groups.^[98]

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Child malnutrition

According to UNICEF, in 2011, 101 million children across the globe were underweight and one in four children, 165 million, were stunted in growth.^[94] Simultaneously, there are 43 million children under five who are overweight or obese.^[3] Nearly 20 million children under five suffer from severe acute malnutrition, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent treatment.^[3] According to estimations at UNICEF, hunger will be responsible for 5.6 million deaths of children under the age of five this year.^[2] These all represent significant public health emergencies.^[90] This is because proper maternal and child nutrition has immense consequences for survival, acute and chronic disease incidence, normal growth, and economic productivity of individuals.^[95]

Childhood malnutrition is common and contributes to the global burden of disease.^[96] Childhood is a particularly important time to achieve good nutrition status, because poor nutrition has the capability to lock a child in a vicious cycle of disease susceptibility and recurring sickness, which threatens cognitive and social development.^[2] Undernutrition and bias in access to food and health services leaves children less likely to attend or perform well in school.^[2]

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Sunday, February 26, 2023

Payment

Online shoppers commonly use a credit card or a PayPal account in order to make payments. However, some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means, such as:

Billing to mobile phones and landlines^[33]^[34]
Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies
Cash on delivery (C.O.D.)
Cheque/ Check
Debit card
Direct debit in some countries
Electronic money of various types
Gift cards
Invoice, especially popular in some markets/countries, such as Switzerland
Postal money order
Wire transfer/delivery on payment

Some online shops will not accept international credit cards. Some require both the purchaser's billing and shipping address to be in the same country as the online shop's base of operation. Other online shops allow customers from any country to send gifts anywhere. The financial part of a transaction may be processed in real time (e.g. letting the consumer know their credit card was declined before they log off), or may be done later as part of the fulfillment process.

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Impact of reviews on consumer behavior

One of the great benefits of online shopping is the ability to read product reviews, written either by experts or fellow online shoppers. The Nielsen Company conducted a survey in March 2010 and polled more than 27,000 Internet users in 55 markets from the Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, North America, and South America to look at questions such as "How do consumers shop online?", "What do they intend to buy?", "How do they use various online shopping web pages?", and the impact of social media and other factors that come into play when consumers are trying to decide how to spend their money on which product or service. According to the research,^[29] reviews on electronics (57%) such as DVD players, cellphones, or PlayStations, and so on, reviews on cars (45%), and reviews on software (37%) play an important role in influencing consumers who tend to make purchases online. Furthermore, 40% of online shoppers indicate that they would not even buy electronics without consulting online reviews first.

In addition to online reviews, peer recommendations on online shopping pages or social media websites play a key role^[30] for online shoppers when they are researching future purchases.^[31] 90% of all purchases made are influenced by social media.^[32]

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Heating of EVs

Range[edit]

Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines,^[113]^[114] which is why large electric ships generally cannot cross oceans as of 2021.^[115] A new range of EV safari vehicles is slated to come out in 2023 which will have a range of 500km, roughly 310 miles, which will be a bigger range compared to fuel safari vehicles.^[116]

Heating of EVs[edit]

In cold climates, considerable energy is needed to heat the interior of a vehicle and to defrost the windows. With internal combustion engines, this heat already exists as waste combustion heat diverted from the engine cooling circuit. This process offsets the greenhouse gases' external costs. If this is done with battery EVs, the interior heating requires extra energy from the vehicles' batteries. Although some heat could be harvested from the motor or motors and battery, their greater efficiency means there is not as much waste heat available as from a combustion engine.

However, for vehicles which are connected to the grid, battery EVs can be preheated, or cooled, with little or no need for battery energy, especially for short trips.

Newer designs are focused on using super-insulated cabins which can heat the vehicle using the body heat of the passengers. This is not enough, however, in colder climates as a driver delivers only about 100 W of heating power. A heat pump system, capable of cooling the cabin during summer and heating it during winter, is a more efficient way of heating and cooling EVs.^[117]

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Nutrição na fase adulta

A fase adulta é a fase da manutenção, sendo também muito importante ter uma alimentação adequada. Talvez essa seja a fase mais difícil, pois depende dos hábitos alimentares adquiridos, fatores culturais, financeiros, entre outros. Apesar de tudo isso, se deve pesar a importância de uma alimentação saudável tanto para o bom funcionamento orgânico, como prevenção de doenças e melhor saúde quando idoso.

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Intestinal microbiome

phytochemicals such as polyphenols were not assessed in this review.^[85]

Colorful fruits and vegetables may be components of a healthy diet.

Intestinal microbiome

The intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota, and Pseudomonadota.^[86] They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria are essential for metabolizing food substrates and thereby increasing energy output, and produce a great variety of metabolites, including vitamins and short-chain fatty acids that contribute to the metabolism in a wide variety of ways.^[87] These metabolites are responsible for stimulating cell growth, repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, priming the immune system to respond only to pathogens, helping to maintain a healthy gut barrier, control gene expression by epigenetic regulation^[88] and defending against some infectious diseases.^[89]

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Phytochemicals

Phytochemicals such as polyphenols are compounds produced naturally in plants (phyto means "plant" in Greek). In general, the term identifies compounds that are prevalent in plant foods, but are not proven to be essential for human nutrition, as of 2018. There is no conclusive evidence in humans that polyphenols or other non-nutrient compounds from plants confer health benefits, mainly because these compounds have poor bioavailability, i.e., following ingestion, they are digested into smaller metabolites with unknown functions, then are rapidly eliminated from the body.^[82]^[83]

While initial studies sought to reveal if dietary supplements might promote health, one meta-analysis concluded that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins A and E and beta-carotene did not convey any benefits, and may increase risk of death.^[84] Vitamin C and selenium supplements did not impact mortality rate. Health effect of non-nutrient phytochemicals such as polyphenols were not assessed in this review.^[85]

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